Everything about Barcelona totally explained
Barcelona (
Catalan,
Spanish ) is the capital and most populous city of
Catalonia and the second largest city in
Spain, with a population of 1,605,602 in 2006, while the population of the Metropolitan Area was 3,161,081. It is the central nucleus of the Urban Region of Barcelona, which relies on a population of 4,856,579. It is located on the
Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers
Llobregat and
Besòs and is limited to the west by the
Serra de Collserola ridge .
Barcelona is a major economic centre with one of Europe's principal
Mediterranean ports, and
Barcelona International Airport is the second largest in Spain. Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the
Counts of Barcelona and the
Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination and has a rich cultural heritage. Particularly renowned are architectural works of
Antoni Gaudí and
Lluís Domènech i Montaner that have been designated
UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
As the capital of
Catalonia, Barcelona houses the seat of the Catalan government, known as the
Generalitat de Catalunya; of particular note are the
executive branch, the
parliament, and the
Supreme Court of Catalonia. The city is also the capital of the county (
comarca) of the
Barcelonès.
Names
The name
Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian
Phoenician Barkeno;
Greek:
Βαρκινών;
Latin:
Barcino,
Barcelo and
Barceno.
During the Middle Ages, the city was variously known as
Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelona, and
Barchenona.
History
The foundation of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to
Hercules 400 years before the building of
Rome and that it was rebuilt by the
Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of
Hannibal, who named the city
Barcino after his family, in the 3rd century BC. The second legend attributes the foundation directly to Hamilcar Barca.
About
15 BC, the
Romans redrew the town as a
castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "
Mons Taber", a little hill near the contemporary city hall (
Plaça de Sant Jaume). Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of
Faventia, or, in full,
Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or
Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino.
Mela mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour
Tarraco (modern
Tarragona); but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens. The city minted its own coins; some from the era of
Galba survive.
Some important Roman ruins are exposed under the
Plaça del Rei, entrance by the city museum (
Museu d'Història de la Ciutat), and the typically Roman grid-planning is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre, the
Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter"). Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as basilica
La Seu is said to have been founded in 343. The city was conquered by the
Visigoths in the early fifth century, by the
Moors in the early eighth century, reconquered from the emir in 801 by
Charlemagne's son
Louis who made Barcelona the seat of Carolingian "
Spanish Marches" (
Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the
Count of Barcelona. Barcelona was still a Christian frontier territory when it was sacked by
Al-Mansur in 985.
The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include all of Catalonia, later the
Crown of Aragon which conquered many overseas possessions, ruling the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as
Athens in the thirteenth century. The forging of a dynastic link between the Crowns of Aragon and
Castile marked the beginning of Barcelona's decline.
Geography
Barcelona is located on the Northeast coast of the
Iberian Peninsula, facing the
Mediterranean Sea, on a plateau approximately wide limited by the mountain range of
Collserola, the
Llobregat river to the south-west and the
Besòs river to the north. This plateau has are occupied by the city itself. It is 160 km (100
mi) south of the
Pyrenees and the
Catalonian border with
France.
Collserola, part of the coastal mountain range, shelters the city to the north-west. Its highest point, the peak of
Tibidabo, high, offers striking views over the city and is topped by the
Torre de Collserola, a telecommunications tower that's visible from most of the city. Barcelona is peppered with small hills, most of them urbanized and that gave their name to the neighbourhoods built upon them, such as
Carmel (267 m),
Putxet (181 m) and
Rovira (261 m). The escarpment of
Montjuïc (173 m), situated to the southeast, overlooks the harbour and is topped by
Montjuïc castle, a fortress built in the 17–18th centuries to control the city as a replacement for the Ciutadella. Today, the fortress is a museum and Montjuic is home to several sporting and cultural venues, as well as Barcelona's biggest park and gardens.
The city borders are the municipalities of
Santa Coloma de Gramenet and
Sant Adrià de Besòs to the north;
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and
Esplugues de Llobregat to the south; the Mediterranean Sea to the east; and
Montcada i Reixac and
Sant Cugat del Vallès to the west.
Climate
Barcelona has a
Mediterranean climate, with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. January and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of 10
°C (50
°F). Snowfalls are so rare that they're remembered as special events. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) . The highest recorded maximum temperature in the city itself is 38.6 °C. At the Fabra Observatory, situated on the Tibidabo hill, the record summer temperature is 39.8 °C (103.6 °F). However, it should be noted that the observatory is situated in the hills above the city near Collserola park - an area where the impact of the "heat island" effect is likely to be diminished.
Barcelona has a long-standing mercantile tradition. Less well known is that it was one of the earliest regions in continental Europe to begin industrialization, beginning with textile related works at the end of the eighteenth century but really gathering momentum in the mid nineteenth century, when it became a major center for the production of textiles and machinery. Since then, manufacturing has played a large role in its history. The traditional importance in textiles is still reflected in Barcelona's importance as a major fashion center. In summer 2006, Barcelona became an host for the prestigious
Bread & Butter urban fashion fair. The fair was so successful that, starting in 2007, Barcelona became the only host for Bread & Butter, that closed its original
Berlin location.
As in other modern cities, the manufacturing sector has long since been overtaken by the services sector, though it remains important. The most important industries today are textile, chemistry, pharmaceutical, motor, electronic and printing. In the services sector, the most important are the logistics, publishing, telecommunications and computer sectors.
Drawing upon its tradition of creative art and craftsmanship, Barcelona is nowadays also known for its award-winning industrial design. Barcelona also has several congress halls, notably
Fira de Barcelona (Trade Fair), that host a quickly growing number of national and international events each year, which had also meant the opening of new hotels each year. The
Port of Barcelona is an important Mediterranean port, both for general containers cargo and for cruise ships.
Barcelona has one of the highest costs of living in Spain, and occupying the 31st position in the world rank according to a report by Mercer Human Resource.
Government and administrative divisions
Barcelona is governed by a city council formed by 41 city councilors,
elected for a four-year term by
universal suffrage. As one of the two biggest cities in Spain, Barcelona is subject to a special law articulated through the
Carta Municipal (Municipal Law). A first version of this law was passed in 1960 and amended later, but the current version was approved in March 2006. According to this law, Barcelona's city council is organized in two levels: a political one, with elected city councilors, and one executive, which administrates the programs and executes the decisions taken on the political level. This law also gives the local government a special relationship with the central government and it also gives the mayor wider prerogatives by the means of municipal executive commissions. It expands the powers of the city council in areas like telecommunications, city traffic, road safety and public safety. It also gives a special economic regime to the city's treasury and it gives the council a
veto in matters that will be decided by the central government, but that will need a favourable report from the council. The plenary, formed by the 41 city councilors, has advisory, planning, regulatory, and fiscal executive functions. The six
Commissions del Consell Municipal (City council commissions) have executive and controlling functions in the field of their jurisdiction. They are composed by a number of councilors proportional to the number of councilors each political party has in the plenary. The city council has jurisdiction in the fields of
city planning, transportation, municipal taxes, public highways security through the
Guardia Urbana (the municipal police), city maintenance, gardens, parks and environment, facilities (like schools, nurseries, sports centres, libraries, etc.), culture, sports, youth and
social welfare. Some of these competencies are not exclusive, but shared with the Generalitat de Catalunya or the central
Spanish government.
The executive branch is led by a Chief Municipal Executive Officer which answers to the Mayor. It is made up of departments which are legally part of the city council and by separate legal entities of two tipes: autonomous public departments and public enterprises.
The seat of the city council is on the Plaça Sant Jaume, opposite the seat of Generalitat de Catalunya. Since the
coming of the Spanish democracy, Barcelona
has been governed by the
PSC, first with an absolute majority and later in coalition with
ERC and
ICV. Since the May 2007 elections, PSC is governing in minority only with IC, since ERC decided against a renewal of the previous coalition. The second most voted party in Barcelona is
CiU, followed by
PP, both currently in the opposition.
Districts
Since 1997, the city has been divided into 10 administrative districts (
districtes in Catalan,
distritos in Spanish), each one with its own council led by a city councillor. The composition of each district council depends on the number of votes each political party had in that district, so a district can be led by a councillor from a different party than the executive council.
The districts are based mostly on historical divisions. Several of the city's districts are former towns annexed by the city of Barcelona in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that still maintain their own distinct character. The official names of these districts are in the
Catalan language.
Neighbourhoods
- Ciutat Vella ("Old City"): El Raval (also known in Spanish as the Barrio Chino, ("Chinatown"), the Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter"), La Barceloneta and the Barri de la Ribera.
- Eixample: Sant Antoni, Esquerra de l'Eixample ("the left side of the Eixample" facing away from the sea), Dreta de l'Eixample ("the right side of the Eixample"), Barri de la Sagrada Família, Fort Pienc, Sant Antoni
- Sants–Montjuïc: Poble Sec, La Marina, La Font de La Guatlla, La Bordeta, Hostafrancs, Sants, Badal.
- Les Corts: Les Corts, La Maternitat, Pedralbes.
- Sarrià-Sant Gervasi: Tres Torres, Sarrià, Vallvidrera, Bonanova, Sant Gervasi, Putxet-Farró, Galvany.
- Gràcia: Vallcarca, El Coll, La Salut, Gràcia, El Camp d'en Grassot
- Horta-Guinardó: Horta, El Carmel, La Teixonera, El Guinardó (Alt i Baix), La Clota, La Vall D'Hebron, Montbau
- Nou Barris: Can Peguera, Porta, Canyelles, Ciutat Meridiana, Guineueta, Prosperitat, Vallbona, Verdum, Vilapicina, Roquetes, Trinitat Vella, Trinitat Nova, Torre Baró, Torre Llobeta and Turó de la Peira.
- Sant Andreu: La Sagrera, Congrés, Trinitat Vella, Bon Pastor, Sant Andreu, Navas, Baró de Viver
- Sant Martí: Diagonal Mar, Fort Pius, San Martí de Provençals, Poble Nou, La Verneda, El Clot, Vila Olímpica del Poblenou.
Education
Barcelona has a well-developed
higher education system of
public universities. Most prominent among these is the
University of Barcelona, a world-renowned research and teaching institution with
campuses around the city. Barcelona is also home to the
Polytechnic University of Catalonia, the newer
Pompeu Fabra University and, in the private sector, the
Ramon Llull University encompassing internationally renowned institutions like
ESADE Business School. The
Autonomous University of Barcelona, another public university, is located in
Bellaterra, a town in the
Metropolitan Area.
The city has a network of public schools, from nurseries to high schools, under the responsibility of the city council (though the student subjects are the responsibility of the Generalitat de Catalunya). There are also many private schools, some of them
Roman Catholic. Like other cities in Spain, Barcelona now faces the integration of a large number of immigrant children from Latin America, Africa and Asia.
Culture
Barcelona's cultural roots go back 2000 years. To a greater extent than the rest of Catalonia, where Catalonia's native
Catalan is more dominant, Barcelona is a bilingual city:
Catalan and
Spanish are both official languages and widely spoken. The Catalan spoken in Barcelona,
Central Catalan, is the one closest to standard Catalan. Since the
arrival of democracy, the Catalan culture (very much repressed during the
dictatorship) has been promoted, both by recovering works from the past and by stimulating the creation of new works. Barcelona is designated as a
world-class city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.
Entertainment and performing arts
Barcelona has many venues for live music and theatre, including the world-renowned
Gran Teatre del Liceu opera theatre, the
Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, the
Teatre Lliure and the
Palau de la Música Catalana concert hall. Barcelona also is home to the
Sónar Music Festival which takes place around June every year, and to the Barcelona and Catalonia National Symphonic Orchestra (Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya, usually known as OBC) is the largest symphonic orchestra in Catalonia. In 1999, the OBC inaugurated its new venue in the brand-new Auditorium (
l'Auditori). It performs around 75 concerts per season and its current director is
Eiji Oue. It has a thriving alternative music scene, with groups such as
The Pinker Tones receiving international attention.
(External Link
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Museums
Barcelona houses a great number of museums, which cover different areas and eras. The
National Museum of Art of Catalonia possesses a well-known collection of
Romanesque art while the
Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art focuses on post-1945 Catalan and Spanish art. The
Fundació Joan Miró,
Picasso Museum and
Fundació Antoni Tàpies hold important collections of these world-renowned artists.
Several museums cover the fields of history and archeology, like the City History Museum, the Museum of the History of Catalonia, the
Archaeology Museum of Catalonia, the Barcelona Maritime Museum and the private-owned Egiptian Museum. The Erotic museum of Barcelona is among the most peculiar ones, while Cosmocaixa is a
science museum that received the
European Museum of the Year Award in 2006.
Architecture
The
Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter" in Catalan) is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. Many of the buildings date from medieval times, some from as far back as the Roman settlement of Barcelona. Catalan
modernisme architecture (often known as
Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe), developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. A great number of these buildings are
World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect
Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the
Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882, and is still financed by private donations. As of 2007, completion is planned for 2026.
Barcelona won the 1999
RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture, the first (and as of 2007, only) time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect.
World Heritage Sites in Barcelona
Works of Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, included in the list in 1997.
Works of Antoni Gaudí, including Park Güell, Palau Güell, Casa Milà, Casa Vicens, Sagrada Família (Nativity façade and crypt), Casa Batlló, Crypt in Colonia Güell. The first three works were inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1984. The other four were added as extensions to the site in 2005.
Media
El Periódico de Catalunya (Catalan and Spanish editions) and La Vanguardia (Spanish) are Barcelona's two major daily newspapers while Sport and El Mundo Deportivo (both in Spanish) are the city's two major sports daily newspapers, published by the same companies. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as Avui and El Punt (both in Catalan), by nation-wide newspapers with special Barcelona editions like El Pais and El Mundo (both in Spanish), and by several free newspapers like Metro, 20 minutos, ADN and Què (bilingual).
Several major FM stations include Catalunya Ràdio, RAC 1, RAC 105 and Cadena SER. Barcelona also has several local TV stations, among them BTV (owned by city council) and 8TV (owned by the Godó group, that also owns La Vanguardia). The headquarters of Televisió de Catalunya, Catalonia's public network, are located in Sant Joan Despí, in Barcelona's metropolitan area.
Sports
Barcelona has a long sporting tradition and hosted the successful 1992 Summer Olympics as well as several matches from the 1982 Football World Cup. It has also been host to the X FINA World Championships and twice of the Eurobasket.
FC Barcelona is a sports club best known for its football team, one of the biggest in Europe, twice winner of the UEFA Champions League. FC Barcelona also has teams in the Spanish basketball ACB league (AXA FC Barcelona), the handball ASOBAL league (FC Barcelona-Cifec), and the roller hockey league. The club's museum is the second most visited in Catalonia. RCD Espanyol is the city's other Liga football team. Barcelona also has other clubs in lower categories, like CE Europa and UE Sant Andreu.
Barcelona has two UEFA 5-star rated football stadiums: FC Barcelona's Camp Nou and the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys, used for the 1992 Olympics and the current home of Espanyol, pending completion of the club's new stadium.
The Open Seat Godó, a 50-year-old ATP Tour International Series Gold tennis tournament, is held annually in the facilities of the Reial Club de Tenis Barcelona (Barcelona Royal Tennis Club). Several popular running competitions are organized year-round in Barcelona: Cursa del Corte Inglés (with about 60,000 participants each year), Cursa de la Mercè, Cursa Jean Bouin, Milla Sagrada Família and the San Silvestre. Also, each Christmas, a swimming race across the port is organized. Near Barcelona, in Montmeló, the 131,000 capacity Circuit de Catalunya racetrack hosts the Formula One Spanish Grand Prix and the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix. Barcelona has also become very popular with skateboarders, which has led to a new anti-skateboarding law, which came into effect in 2006.
Transportation and infrastructures
Airports
Barcelona is served by Barcelona International Airport in the town of El Prat de Llobregat, about from Barcelona. It is the second-largest airport in Spain, and the largest on the Mediterranean coast. It is a main hub for Vueling Airlines and Clickair, and also a focus for Spanair, Air Europa and Iberia. The airport mainly serves domestic and European destinations, but some airlines offer destinations in Asia and the United States. The airport is connected to the city by highway, commuter train and scheduled bus service. The airport handled 32,800,570 passengers in 2007. A new terminal is being built, and it's expected to enter service in 2008.
Sabadell Airport is a smaller airport in the nearby town of Sabadell, devoted to pilot training, advertising flights, aerotaxi and private flights. Some low-cost airlines, like Ryanair and Martinair, prefer to use Girona-Costa Brava Airport, situated about to the north of Barcelona and Reus Airport, situated to the south.
Seaport
The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year history and a great contemporary commercial importance. It is Europe's ninth largest container port, with a trade volume of 2.3 million TEU's in 2006. The port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the Old Port), the commercial port and the logistics port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is undergoing an enlargement that will double its size thanks to diverting the mouth of the Llobregat river 2 km (1¼ mi) to the south.
The Port Vell area also houses the Maremagnum (a commercial mall), a multiplex cinema, the IMAX Port Vell and an aquarium.
Public transportation
Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate tram networks (one of them, the Tramvia Blau, connects to the Funicular del Tibidabo), and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. The Barcelona Metro network comprises nine lines, identified by an "L" followed by the line number as well as by individual colours. Most of the network is operated by the Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), but three lines are FGC commuter lines that run through the city. When finished, the L9 will be the second longest underground metro line in Europe with 42.6 km; only shorter than London's 76 km Central Line.
The TMB also operates the city's tram networks, known as Trambaix and Trambesòs, and the city's daytime bus network, as well as a tourist bus service. The night bus network, known as Nitbus, is operated by Mohn. Transports Ciutat Comtal operates the regular Tomb Bus (along the Diagonal avenue) and Aerobus (to the airport) services. Other companies operate services that connect the city with towns in the metropolitan area.
The Funicular de Montjuïc climbs the Montjuïc hill. The Vallvidrera and Funicular de Tibidabo funiculars climb the Tibidabo hill. The city has two aerial cable cars: one to the Montjuïc castle and another that runs via Torre Jaume I and Torre Sant Sebastia over the port.
Barcelona is a major hub for RENFE, the Spanish state railway network, and its main intercity train station is Barcelona-Sants station. The AVE high-speed rail system was recently extended from Madrid to Tarragona in southern Catalonia, and is expected to reach Barcelona by 2007. Renfe cercanías/rodalies and the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) run Barcelona's widespread commuter train service.
The Estació del Nord (Northern Station), a former train station that was renovated for the 1992 Olympic Games, now serves as the terminus for long-distance and regional bus services.
Barcelona has a metered taxi fleet governed by the Institut Metropolità del Taxi (Metropolitan Taxi Institute), composed of more than 10,000 cars. Most of the licenses are in the hands of self-employed drivers. With their black and yellow livery, Barcelona's taxis are easily spotted.
On March 22, 2007, Barcelona's City Council started the Bicing service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station. The service has been a success, with 50,000 subscribed users in three months.
Roads and highways
Barcelona is belted by two Rondes, Ronda de Dalt (on the mountain side) and Ronda del Litoral (alongside the coast), two partially covered fast highways with several exits that allow to bypass the city.
The city's main arteries include Diagonal Avenue, which crosses the city in diagonal (hence the name); Meridiana Avenue which leads to Glòries and connects with Diagonal Avenue and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, which crosses the city from north to south, including the center of the city.
Sister cities
Barcelona has a sister relationships with the following cities (chronological order):
| Montpellier, France, 1963
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1972
Monterrey, Mexico, 1977
Boston, USA, 1983
Busan, South Korea, 1983
Cologne, Germany, 1984
São Paulo, Brazil, 1985
Montevideo, Uruguay, 1985
St.Petersburg, Russia, 1985
Havana, Cuba, 1993
Kobe, Japan, 1993
|
Antwerp, Belgium, 1997
Istanbul, Turkey, 1997
Tel Aviv, Israel, 1998
Gaza, Palestinian National Authority, 1998
Dublin, Ireland, 1998
Athens, Greece, 1999
Isfahan, Iran, 2000
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 2000
Valparaíso, Chile, 2001
Shanghai, China, 2001
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2006
|
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:
Niš, Serbia
Other sights
image:Sta-eulalia.jpg|Barcelona Cathedral
Image:Sagrada familia by night 2006.jpg|Sagrada Família at night
Image:InteriorSantaMariaMarBarcelona.jpg|Santa Maria del Mar Church
Image:050529 Barcelona 099.jpg|Santa Maria del Pi Church
Image:Spain.Barcelona.Porta.del.Angel.jpg| Portal de l'Àngel
Image:Jfader batto facade.jpg|Casa Batlló
Image:Casa Milà - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|Casa Milà (La Pedrera)
Image:050529 Barcelona 135.jpg| The Palau Nacional which houses the MNAC
Image:Domènech.i.Montaner.Palau.Musica.Catalana.8.Barcelona.JPG| Palau de la Música Catalana
Image:Arc de Triomf Barcelona.JPG| The Arc de Triomf
Image:Casavicens.jpg| Casa Vicens
Image:Barcellona palazzo.jpg|Castell dels tres Dracs
Image:PlayaBacelonetta2.JPG|Hotel Arts (l.) and Torre Mapfre (each in height) seen from Platja de la Barceloneta
Image:Torre Agbar - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|Torre Agbar
Image:PortVell.JPG|Rambla de Mar in Port Vell (Old Harbour)
Image:Barcelona.Tibidabo.Torre.Collserola.jpg| The Torre de Collserola in the Tibidabo Hill is the highest structure in Barcelona (288m).
Image:Barcelona park!.jpg| The View from Gaudi's Park Güell
Further Information
Get more info on 'Barcelona'.
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